What Foods Are High in Vitamin K1 and K2

Reading time:15 min

Published:March 23, 2026

Author:

Cymbiotika

Vitamin K is often the overlooked member of the fat-soluble vitamin family. While vitamins A, D, and E receive significant attention, vitamin K plays a critical role in how your body manages calcium and maintains healthy blood clotting. It is not just one nutrient; it is a group of compounds, most notably K1 and K2, each serving distinct functions within your biology.

Introduction

At Cymbiotika, we focus on the intersection of clean sourcing and high bioavailability—the measure of how much of a nutrient actually reaches your bloodstream. Understanding which foods provide these two forms of vitamin K is the first step in ensuring your body has what it needs to support bone density and cardiovascular health. Many people assume a standard diet covers these bases, but the modern food landscape often leaves gaps, particularly regarding vitamin K2. If you want a simple supplement option that pairs these nutrients with advanced delivery, the Liposomal Vitamin D3 + K2 + CoQ10 formula is designed for that purpose.

This article explores the specific food sources for both forms, explains why their chemical structures matter, and provides practical ways to improve your daily intake. By focusing on nutrient-dense whole foods and better absorption strategies, you can build a wellness routine that truly serves your long-term health.

Quick Answer: Vitamin K1 is primarily found in green leafy vegetables like kale, spinach, and collard greens. Vitamin K2 is found in fermented foods like natto and sauerkraut, as well as animal products like egg yolks, organ meats, and high-fat dairy.

The Essential Differences Between K1 and K2

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is the most common form of the vitamin found in the human diet. It is synthesized by plants and is involved heavily in the photosynthesis process. In the human body, its primary responsibility is supporting healthy blood clotting. Most of the vitamin K1 you consume goes directly to the liver to activate proteins that help your blood coagulate.

Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is fundamentally different. It is primarily produced by bacteria, either through fermentation in food or by the microbes living in your gut. While K1 stays mostly in the liver, K2 is more widely distributed throughout the rest of your body. It plays a pivotal role in "calcium traffic control," helping to direct calcium into your bones and teeth while keeping it out of your soft tissues and arteries.

Menaquinones (K2) are further categorized by the length of their chemical side chains, labeled as MK-4 through MK-13. The most well-researched versions are MK-4, found in animal products, and MK-7, found in fermented foods. These side chains change how long the vitamin stays in your system. For instance, MK-7 remains in the blood much longer than K1, giving your tissues more time to absorb and utilize it.

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K1?

Vitamin K1 is abundant in the plant kingdom. If a vegetable is dark green and leafy, it is almost certainly a significant source of phylloquinone. Because K1 is fat-soluble, it is essential to eat these vegetables with a source of healthy fat to ensure your body can actually absorb the nutrients.

Leafy Green Vegetables

Kale is one of the most concentrated sources of vitamin K1 available. A single half-cup serving of cooked kale provides over 400% of the recommended daily value. Other greens like collard greens, mustard greens, and turnip greens offer similar levels.

Spinach is another staple for K1 intake. Whether eaten raw in a salad or sautéed, spinach provides a high density of phylloquinone. Swiss chard and beet greens are also excellent additions to a rotation of greens to keep your intake consistent.

Cruciferous Vegetables

Vegetables like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage are reliable sources of K1. While they may not have the extreme concentrations found in kale, they are versatile enough to be included in multiple meals throughout the week. A half-cup of cooked broccoli provides roughly 90% of the daily value.

Fresh Herbs

People often overlook herbs as a source of nutrition because they are used in small quantities. However, parsley, basil, and cilantro are very high in vitamin K1. Incorporating a handful of fresh parsley into a smoothie or using it as a base for a sauce like chimichurri can significantly boost your daily numbers.

Plant Oils and Fruits

Certain oils, particularly soybean oil and canola oil, contain K1. Some fruits also contribute to your intake, specifically kiwi, blueberries, and grapes. While fruit is not the primary source for vitamin K, these additions help round out a diverse diet.

Food Item
Vitamin K1 Content (Approx. per 100g)
% Daily Value (DV)

Kale (Cooked)
817 mcg
681%

Spinach (Raw)
483 mcg
402%

Collard Greens
407 mcg
339%

Broccoli (Cooked)
141 mcg
118%

Brussels Sprouts
140 mcg
117%

Kiwi
40 mcg
33%

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K2?

Vitamin K2 is harder to find in the standard Western diet because it requires bacterial activity or animal metabolism. Most people consume much more K1 than K2, which is why focusing on these specific sources is vital for a balanced routine.

Fermented Foods

Natto is the absolute king of vitamin K2. This traditional Japanese dish made of fermented soybeans contains the highest known concentration of MK-7. A single tablespoon can provide nearly double the daily requirement. It has a unique, sticky texture and a pungent aroma that some find to be an acquired taste, but its nutritional value is unmatched.

Sauerkraut and kefir are more accessible fermented options. Because these foods are fermented by bacteria, they produce small amounts of K2. However, the exact amount can vary significantly based on the bacterial strains used and the length of the fermentation process. If you want to explore more support for this kind of routine, the Gut Health Supplements collection is a useful place to start.

Animal Products

Egg yolks are a practical source of K2 for most people. The amount of vitamin K2 in an egg depends heavily on the diet of the hen. Pasture-raised chickens that eat grass and insects generally produce yolks with higher K2 levels than those raised on standard grain feed.

High-fat dairy, especially aged cheeses, contains vitamin K2. Gouda, Jarlsberg, and Edam are known for having higher concentrations than soft cheeses like mozzarella. The bacteria used to ripen these cheeses are responsible for the K2 production.

Organ Meats and Fatty Meats

Goose liver and chicken liver are exceptionally high in K2. While organ meats are less common in modern meals, they are some of the most nutrient-dense foods on the planet. For those who prefer muscle meats, chicken thigh and dark meat contain more K2 than leaner cuts like breast meat.

Grass-fed beef also provides vitamin K2. Like eggs, the quality of the animal's diet changes the nutrient profile of the meat. Animals that graze on chlorophyll-rich grass can convert the K1 in the plants into K2 (specifically MK-4) in their tissues.

Key Takeaway: While Vitamin K1 is easy to find in greens, Vitamin K2 is found mostly in fermented foods and animal fats. To support bone and heart health, you must intentionally include both categories in your diet.

The Bioavailability Factor: Absorption Matters

It is a common misconception that eating a nutrient-rich food automatically means your body uses all of those nutrients. This brings us back to bioavailability. Vitamin K is fat-soluble, meaning it requires dietary fat to be transported across the gut lining and into the bloodstream.

If you eat a large bowl of steamed kale without any oil or fat, you may only absorb a tiny fraction of the vitamin K1 it contains. The same applies to supplements. Many standard vitamin K tablets are difficult for the body to break down and absorb efficiently. For a deeper look at why delivery systems matter, Ask Dr. Shilpa: Liposomes 101 explains the basics of liposomal delivery.

At us, we prioritize delivery systems that mimic how the body naturally processes nutrients. For example, liposomal delivery uses a phospholipid bilayer—a tiny bubble of healthy fats similar to your own cell membranes—to protect the vitamin as it passes through the digestive tract. This technology is designed to support absorption at the cellular level, ensuring that the "calcium traffic controller" actually gets to work where it is needed most.

How to Maximize Vitamin K Absorption from Food

Always pair greens with fats: Add extra virgin olive oil, avocado, or nuts to your salads and sautéed vegetables.
Choose whole-food fats: Eating an egg with the yolk or full-fat yogurt provides the natural fat needed to process the K2 within those foods.
Support your gut health: Since your gut bacteria can produce some K2, maintaining a healthy microbiome through fiber and fermented foods supports your internal vitamin K production.
Consider your cooking methods: While some vitamins are destroyed by heat, light steaming can actually make the vitamin K in tough greens like kale more accessible by breaking down the plant's cell walls.

The Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Heart Health

The primary reason to track your intake of K1 and K2 is their partnership with calcium. For decades, the focus was solely on getting more calcium. However, we now know that calcium without vitamin K can be problematic.

Bone Mineralization: Vitamin K2 activates a protein called osteocalcin. This protein acts like a magnet, drawing calcium from the blood and binding it to the bone matrix. Without enough K2, osteocalcin remains inactive, and your bones may not stay as strong as they should, even if you take plenty of calcium.

Vascular Health: Vitamin K2 also activates Matrix Gla-Protein (MGP). This protein helps prevent calcium from depositing in your arteries and soft tissues. Calcification in the arteries can lead to stiffness and cardiovascular issues. By keeping calcium in the bones and out of the arteries, vitamin K2 supports a healthy circulatory system.

Blood Clotting: Vitamin K1 is essential for the synthesis of proteins that allow your blood to clot properly. This is a vital protective mechanism that prevents excessive bleeding from minor injuries. Because the body recycles vitamin K1 through a "vitamin K cycle," we don't need massive amounts to maintain this function, but a consistent daily supply is necessary to keep the cycle moving. For more context on how K2 fits into daily wellness, What is in K2 Vitamin and Why It Matters for You is a helpful companion read.

Identifying Your Individual Needs

While most people can get enough vitamin K1 through a diet rich in vegetables, vitamin K2 is much rarer. If you do not eat fermented foods like natto or high-quality organ meats, you might not be meeting your body's full requirement for menaquinones.

Results vary based on lifestyle, age, and existing health routines. For example, those focusing heavily on vitamin D3 supplementation should pay extra attention to vitamin K2. Vitamin D3 helps your body absorb calcium, but vitamin K2 ensures that calcium goes to the right places. We often design our formulations, such as our Liposomal Vitamin D3 + K2 + CoQ10, to provide these nutrients together, reflecting how they work in the body.

If you are taking blood-thinning medications, it is critical to talk to your healthcare provider before making major changes to your vitamin K intake. Because K1 supports clotting, sudden increases can interfere with how those medications work. Consistency is key; maintaining a steady, predictable amount of vitamin K is usually more important than eliminating it entirely. If you are looking for a broader routine built around long-term wellness, the Healthy Aging & Recovery collection can be a good next step.

Key Takeaway: Bioavailability is the bridge between eating a nutrient and actually benefiting from it. Using healthy fats or advanced liposomal delivery systems helps ensure vitamin K reaches your cells.

Building a Vitamin K-Rich Routine

Integrating these foods into your life does not have to be complicated. Small, consistent shifts in your grocery list can lead to significant improvements in your nutrient status over time.

Morning

Consider a breakfast that includes egg yolks. If you are plant-based, a bowl of miso soup (which contains fermented soy) can provide a small boost of K2. If you use a morning smoothie, adding a handful of spinach or parsley provides a powerful start for your K1 levels.

Afternoon

For lunch, a large salad with a mix of kale and romaine is an easy way to hit your K1 goals. To ensure absorption, add a fat-rich topping like avocado or a dressing made with high-quality olive oil.

Evening

Dinner is a great time to experiment with fermented foods. A side of sauerkraut or adding broccoli and Brussels sprouts to your main dish provides a diverse range of phylloquinones and menaquinones. If you eat meat, choosing chicken thighs over breasts or incorporating grass-fed beef once or twice a week adds to your K2 pool.

Supplementation

If your diet lacks fermented foods or you struggle to eat enough greens, a high-quality supplement can bridge the gap. Look for options that use liposomal delivery to ensure the nutrients survive the journey through your digestive system. Transparency matters; always choose brands that provide third-party testing for purity. For readers who want to understand the broader logic behind absorption, Why Vitamin K2 is Essential for Your Health Routine offers a useful follow-up.

Conclusion

Understanding what foods are high in vitamin K1 and K2 is about more than just checking off a box on a nutrition label. It is about empowering yourself to support your skeletal and cardiovascular systems through informed choices. Vitamin K1 is the accessible plant-based protector of blood health, while K2 is the specialized bacterial and animal-derived manager of calcium.

We believe that wellness starts with trust and transparency. By focusing on whole-food sources and choosing supplements with high bioavailability, you are building a routine designed to work with your body's natural processes. Whether you are adding more kale to your plate or exploring the benefits of fermented natto, every small change contributes to your long-term vitality.

Diversify your greens: Rotate between kale, spinach, and collard greens.
Don't fear fats: Use healthy oils to unlock the fat-soluble vitamins in your vegetables.
Explore fermentation: Try adding a small serving of sauerkraut or kefir to your daily meals.
Focus on quality: Choose pasture-raised and grass-fed animal products when possible for higher K2 content.

If you are unsure where to start with your supplement routine, our Health Quiz is a helpful tool. It provides personalized recommendations based on your unique goals and lifestyle, helping you find the right balance of nutrients like vitamin K to support your journey.

FAQ

Can I get enough Vitamin K2 if I am a vegan?

Yes, but it requires intentional choices. The best vegan source of Vitamin K2 (specifically MK-7) is natto, a fermented soybean dish. Other fermented foods like sauerkraut and vegan kimchi also contain small amounts, though generally much less than natto or animal-based sources.

Is it possible to take too much Vitamin K?

For most healthy individuals, there is no known toxic level for vitamins K1 or K2, as the body does not store them in high amounts and excretes them quickly. However, if you are on blood-thinning medication, you must maintain a consistent intake and consult your doctor, as vitamin K can interfere with the medication’s effectiveness.

Does cooking vegetables destroy Vitamin K1?

Unlike some vitamins that are sensitive to heat, vitamin K1 is relatively stable during cooking. In fact, lightly steaming or sautéing greens can often improve the bioavailability of K1 by breaking down the tough plant fibers, making the vitamin easier for your body to extract during digestion.

How do I know if I am deficient in Vitamin K?

Clinical deficiency is rare in healthy adults but can manifest as easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, or excessive bleeding from small cuts. Suboptimal levels—where you aren't "deficient" but don't have enough for long-term bone and heart health—are more common and usually don't have immediate symptoms, which is why a nutrient-dense diet is so important.

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What Foods Are High in Vitamin K1 and K2

Table of Contents

Introduction

The Essential Differences Between K1 and K2

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K1?

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K2?

The Bioavailability Factor: Absorption Matters

The Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Heart Health

Identifying Your Individual Needs

Building a Vitamin K-Rich Routine

Conclusion

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The Essential Differences Between K1 and K2

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K1?

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K2?

The Bioavailability Factor: Absorption Matters

The Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Heart Health

Identifying Your Individual Needs

Building a Vitamin K-Rich Routine

Conclusion

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Table of Contents

Introduction

The Essential Differences Between K1 and K2

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K1?

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K2?

The Bioavailability Factor: Absorption Matters

The Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Heart Health

Identifying Your Individual Needs

Building a Vitamin K-Rich Routine

Conclusion

FAQ

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Liposomal Advanced Creatine

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Liposomal Advanced Creatine

Liquid Colostrum

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The Essential Differences Between K1 and K2

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K1?

What Foods Are High in Vitamin K2?

The Bioavailability Factor: Absorption Matters

The Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Heart Health

Identifying Your Individual Needs

Building a Vitamin K-Rich Routine

Conclusion

FAQ

Frequently searched

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